Commercialization and Media in Sports Essay Example

Commercialization and Media in Sports Essay Example Commercialization and Media in Sports Paper Commercialization and Media in Sports Paper 1. Sports have exploded across the globe in every aspect to the game. The author says that commercial sports have become global in scope for two reasons. First, those who control, sponsor, and promote them seek new ways to expand markets and maximize profits. Second, transnational corporations with production and distribution operations in multiple countries can use sports as vehicles for introducing their products and services around the world. Many professional organizations now have games played in other countries and their merchandise is sold all over the globe. Kids that have never even seen a professional American sport on television can own a Chicago Bulls shirt, I believe that this shows how powerful sports can be. Commercialization has also given many different people the chance to fulfill their dreams, without the sponsors covering many costs some people will not be able to participate in the big events to be noticed. Players’ salaries have been one of the biggest positive impacts, for players at least, since commercialization has become big. While there are probably more positive than negative impacts of commercialization in sports, there are still some negatives worth mentioning. Personally, the biggest negative aspect of commercialization is the craziness of advertising in sports. Racing is the biggest; you can barely tell the color of some of the cars because of all the decals on the cars. I believe that advertising and sponsors are necessary, but it gets carried away in some instances. The author mentions that commercialization changes the ways that sports are controlled. When sports depend on the revenues they generate, the control center in sport organizations shifts away from the athletes and toward those who have the resources to produce and promote sports. Players have started to learn that they must answer to the sponsor first. 2. Media and commercialization are closely related topics in the sociology of sport. Commercial sports are unique in that they require the media to provide a combination of coverage and news. Media has become so important that sports promoters and team owners often go out of their way to accommodate reporters, commentators, and photographers. Because of commercial television, many changes in the ways that sports are organized, scheduled, and re-presented. I do believe that some parts to the media have gotten out of control. For a company to have to pay more than 2. 5 million dollars for a thirty-second commercial during the Super Bowl in asinine. I did find it interesting that the author states that males get 90% of the coverage in all the media, and images and narratives tend reproduce ideas and beliefs about gender. I agree with most of the authors major points he makes in the chapter. Some media outlets are dependent on sports and some sports are dependant on the media. The media has made many small colleges get that special athletic talent, because of their television coverage during a NCAA tournament or a NCAA bowl game. I think that they (media and sports) do wonders for each other.

Narrative Essay Trip to 6 Flags Essays

Narrative Essay Trip to 6 Flags Essays Narrative Essay Trip to 6 Flags Essay Narrative Essay Trip to 6 Flags Essay Shemp D. Howard Writin clas 9/21/112 Since my friends and I were seniors this year we decided that we needed to do something to celebrate us leaving Catskill. We spent many lunches at Subways trying to decide what we should do. We started out wanting to go to Cape Cod for the weekend. Then it went from Cape Cod to Boston, Massachusetts. Finally it ended up a day at Six Flags, New England. We decided that the best time to do this was on a Monday morning when everyone else is in school. That way their wouldn’t be as many people there and we could get to the lines quicker. We made a list of all the best rides that we wanted to go on. On June 8th I left my house around seven A. M. in the morning to go pick up my friend Jim from his house we went to Tim’s house to pick Tim up. Then we arrived at Brent’s house, we left my car there and took his. Once we got to I-90 we stopped at a rest stop to get some food. After we all ate we headed straight over to Six Flags. On the way there we talked about a lot of random things. Once we got to Six flags we already had our season passes so we headed to the main ride that we wanted to go on, â€Å"The Superman. There was no line there so we headed straight to the first cars. I sat next to Jim. Ben was behind me and next to Tim. The first drop was 220 feet straight down. On the left side I was right next to the river, on other side Jim was facing the park. For about ten seconds we were all weightless. At the bottom of the drop we were going 75 miles per hour. It was the best roller coaster I have ever be en on. We all decided to go on it two more times in a row before we finally decided to go find another ride. After â€Å"The Superman† we decided the next ride we should go to is the â€Å"Mind Eraser. On this roller coaster our feet were hanging beneath us. This ride had the most twist and flips in it that I have ever been on. With one part that goes into a double loop. I was impressed but it wasn’t as good as â€Å"The Superman. † I started to get hungry after that coaster so we decided that we might as well get some food before we went on the next ride. After eating some food, we decided to go over to the â€Å"Batman. † In the middle of the ride it started to sprinkle. I thought they were gonna close down some of the rides after we got off. The ain stopped though very quick so we got to keep going on rides. Even though the rain stopped, me and Ben and Tim didn’t feel like going on any more roller coaster right then since we just got done eatin g. We went walking around for a bit before we found something to do. They had these old bumper cars, we went over to them figuring it wouldn’t make anyone else sick. Since there was no line the guy let us keep going on. After seven times on we decided that it was finally time to get off and go do something else. When we were walking to the next ride on our list we saw there new thrill ride. Its called â€Å"The Catapult. † Ben and Tim still didn’t feel like going on a ride yet so Jim and I went. This ride flung us all over the place. First it goes in a clock wise motion spinning faster and faster. Then it goes in counter clockwise, flipping us upside down. After â€Å"The Catapult† Tom and Brent finally felt like going on some more rides. So we went to their very first roller coaster. This was the worst roller coaster because the whole ride was so jerky and sketchy. At some points it felt like the train actually went off the tracks. I decided that we weren’t going to go on any other older rides. It started to get hot and I still wanted to go on a water ride so we started to head over the â€Å"Blizzard River. † This is a huge raft ride that we actually had to wait in line for about 30 minutes. This was one of the best raft rides that I have been on as long for as I can remember. After the water ride it started to get late and I wanted to do other things that night. So we decided to go on â€Å"The Superman† one final time before heading out . Once again we had to wait in line for 30 minutes before we got to go on. I didn’t think it was as good this time because we were sitting near the middle of the train before we were in either the first car or the second. After this final ride we started to make our way out of the park. Before we go back on the thruway I was hungry again. So we went to a Friendly’s for the final part of our trip. After relaxing for awhile and eating we figured it was finally time to go home. So we go back in the car and headed home. Before we even got to the thruway Jim was asleep in the back seat. I fell asleep right after we got our toll ticket.

Environmental health impact assessment.(2) Essay

Environmental health impact assessment.(2) - Essay Example 2009, cited in Harris and Spickett 2010, 1) The development of EIA’s methodologies and procedures originated in North America, later in Europe, mainly by ecologists whose concern in assessing the impacts of development activities focused more on human health. Similar efforts were then made for the development of health impact assessment methodologies and procedures, but this had not been as smooth as EIA’s. The (1) ‘lack of epidemiological knowledge regarding dose-response relationships’ and the (2) ill-preparedness of concerned government authorities to release documents showing in concrete figures the impact of development on the incidences of death and diseases made the latter job difficult. The first problem made it difficult to determine the effect of environmental changes on health, for example, the release of pollutants; whereas, the second problem denied hard evidences on the adverse health impacts of development. (Giroult1990, 259) Resultantly, the health components have become the main lim itations of many EIA studies. A WHO commissioned study of 15 EIAs testified to this saying: â€Å"... off-site health effects generally have been given a low priority and have not been treated systematically† (cited in Giroult1990, 259). To ensure that health will be consciously considered in EIAs against these difficulties, a new approach, namely Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) was proposed. (Giroult1990, 259) To understand this new approach, the key term – environmental health – that differentiates it from the current approach has to be defined. From Listorti and Doumani’s (2001) noted environmental health’s definition, it essentially means, as that which prevents health hazards, namely ‘increasing human diseases, injury, and premature death’, while pursuing development activities (349). Main health hazards are classified as:

How Terorism Affects the Individual Decision Weather to Go to a Term Paper

How Terorism Affects the Individual Decision Weather to Go to a Tourist Destenation - Term Paper Example The research conducted on the topic above-mentioned, on the basis of the research findings, manifestly endorses the supposition that the terrorism surge has put the tourism activities to an imperative extent. It is therefore, there is a reverse relationship between terrorism and tourism; somehow, terrorist activities have boosted the risk management services, which exhibit a positive association between terrorism and tourism. The current research aimed to present some recommendations and suggestions after the conduction of this in-depth research process, for the further researches, so that the same or relevant topics could be discussed and analyzed in more comprehensive and wide-ranged way in future. The present research is interested in conducting study on a smaller scale by taking sixty individuals as the universe for the present research. The respondents would belong to the individuals of the age group from 25 and 55 years, the years that are considered to be the most active ones with traveling point of view. The study has been conducted in Tel Aviv region of Israel. As a result, the units of analysis have also been selected from Tel Aviv. Travel agents, visa consultants, investors, businessmen, members of the political authority and tourists would be interviewed during the research process. Interview schedule as well as participant observation techniques will be applied during the research conducting, where the trends and impact of terrorism on tourism will be minutely witnessed. After the research process, the data gathered during the process will be arrayed and tabulated in order to present it in an arranged, precise and comprehensive manner for the convenience of the readers and analysts alike. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables Hypothesis, Operationalization of Concepts and Research Procedure: 27 The present chapter discusses the findings of the research conducted while exploring the impact of the surge of terrorism on tourism a nd tourism risk management, which have been presented in the tabular form, as well as has been supported with figures respectively, in order to present in a precise but comprehensive manner, which could be studied in the following lines: 33 Table 1 33 Age in Years 33 Frequency 33 Percentage 33 25-30 33 13 33 21.67 33 30-35 33 12 33 20.00 33 35-40 33 10 33 16.67 33 40-45 33 8 33 13.33 33 45-50 33 11 33 18.33 33 50-55 33 6 33 10.00 33 Total 33 60 33 100.00 33 Table 1 demonstrates that nearly three fifth of the respondents belonged to the age-group from 25 to 40 years, while nearly one third of the respondents

Evaluation of materials example Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of materials example Essay This article is relevant to our project as it identifies the various emotional problems after surviving the first five years of leukemia treatment. Shanon Guger and DAgostino Norma are authorized professors of the College of Psychologists of Ontario, which is a regulatory body for the profession of psychology in Ontario, Canada, which states that they expertise in psychology, and not only that, they specialises on children psychology, which gives credibility to their information on emotional problems of post-treatment leukemia patients. Another author, Oussama Abla is an associate professor in the Department of Paediatrics at the University of Toronto, which specializes on children, given his experience in treating children since 2005, it gives reliability to the article itself. Furthermore, he specialises on leukemia and has research interests in childhood leukemia, which lends credibility and accuracy to the contents. The articles publisher, AboutKidsHealth, is the worlds leading non-profit information source for childrens health, supported by the Canadian government , and is in collaboration with over 300 paediatric health specialists that also supports the publisher. Though published in 2010, the various emotional problems listed still relevant as according to the recently revised report in 2013 of emotional issues after treatment of leukemia by the official American Cancer Society2. The article mentioned that there are various problems after treatment of leukemia. They include re-experiencing the trauma; for example, troublesome dreams, or flashbacks during leukemia treatment, frequent problems with sleep, lack of concentration or phobia of places that remind the child of the experience with leukemia (for example, hospitals), which inspired me considering of solutions to these problems. To allow them to cope, they can undergo pet assisted therapy. Pet assisted therapy, could offer psychological and physical aid at the same time, where they can benefit mentally and physically, sleep better at night, maintain strength and circulation, lessen the side effects of treatments and keep the patients skin, muscles, heart and lungs in shape3. Children could play with the pets games such as fetch*. They also are allowed to walk the pets at parks. These allows the children to benefit psychologically in able to interact with the pet and benefit physically by playing with the pets. Some of these children may not have enough energy to keep such pets, as they have just recovered and undergone strenuous treatments, hence I propose that there will be a pet interaction corner in the void decks, where pet owners in the blocks are encouraged to bring pets down for a walk in the pet interaction corner, allowing leukemic children and normal children to interact with one another as well. The article states the only way of treatment is to allow the children to do a hobby or parents to watch their reaction. However, these children are not given proper care to cope with such effects and hence ended up in post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, to solve this problem, I propose video game therapy4. These activities allow movement and distract them from their pain, and also from reality. Research shown a facility in Children’s national centre, the video game therapy has allowed the children to cope with physical and emotional pain. Activities include simple sports games with Wii Sports, and dancing games with Xbox Kinect. This contributes to physiotherapy and psychotherapy as well, where children can get to exercise as well as play games to draw them away from reality, which helps them in their post-traumatic stress disorder. Hospitals could have a room specially for these children, where children can play and have fun before and after check-ups. Such equipment are not too high-cost and is manageable and feasible. 600 words

An Analysis of Prostitutes on Strike: The Women of Hotel Street During World War II :: essays research papers fc

When most people hear the word â€Å"prostitute†, they immediately envision a person who is a disease-ridden imbecile of society. However, if one researches the statistics and personal recollections of prostitutes, they will find that they may be very moral and great women. The reflection that Beth Bailey and David Farber recall in the essay called Prostitutes on Strike: The Women of Hotel Street During WW II shows what the prostitutes were actually like in the 1940’s. In several cases of the women in Hawaii during World War II, their compassion is shown through their cooperation with organizations and with the public. Many of the things that they did, however, were not entirely as moral as they seem to appear to be. The events associated with the prostitutes that stayed in Hawaii during WWII can be thought of as both ethical and unethical, but nonetheless, they fought a war of their own to keep their occupations and ways of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prostitutes in Hawaii thrived with business during the times surrounding the War to End All Wars. With the growth of men passing through the area on leave, grew the business of the prostitutes of the time. The brothels that the prostitutes worked in were aimed at the servicemen during the war. The men were lined up outside the buildings for sometimes hours at end, in front of everyone to see. On top of that, the women at the door would sometimes reject a man who they did not trust, or even those who appeared drunk. The brothels also brought peace to the area; if a man needed to fill a sexual desire, the use of a prostitute would prevent a rape or sexual assault from happening (432).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The status quo for prostitutes in Hawaii changed dramatically after the attack on Pearl Harbor. When they went to volunteer at hospitals to aid the wounded, many were turned down, due to fear of infection. Some women did what they could to help, even going as far to transform the brothels into living quarters for the wounded. Since their rooms were occupied, the prostitutes were forced into the street. Soon after, they discovered that they could buy or lease houses and resume business as normal. Weeks later, after the wounded soldiers moved out, the prostitutes wished to continue living down by the beautiful beaches where they could continue their business, and live in secrecy as well.

Value Chain and Competitive Forces

Value Chain and Competitive Forces: Effects of Information Technology Module 2 Case John Dow ITM524: Fundamentals of Information Technology Management Dr. Somebody Somebody February 4, 2012 Introduction Businesses are established with the sole reason to provide a product or service to a customer with the intend to make a profit. The amount of time, effort, and resources spend should generate a profit. Then, the profit depends â€Å"on its effectiveness in performing these activities efficiently, so that the amount that the customer is willing to pay of the products exceeds the cost of the activities in the value chain† (NetMBA. om). Ideally, these products and/or services outpace the competition. In order to do so, Michael Port, suggest a company must sustain long-term profitability (Porter, 2008). He suggests one must look beyond your direct competitors; as explained in his revolutionary 1979 HBR article and further defined in 2008. There, he identifies â€Å"the five forces that shape industry competition†, for businesses to utilize in shaping a strategic vision for long-term sustainability; or better know for the organizations’ sustainability. This paper will deliver as points of discussion or analysis the value chain and competitive forces based on ‘The Mini-cases: 5 companies, 5 strategies, 5 transformations article and cases; and what, if any, affects did Information Technology have on the value chain and competitive forces on those five organizations. Mini Case # 1 – A Better Place In the first mini case, a company called Better Place presents its challenge within timely opportunity. It wants to enable the fastest way to bring electronic filling stations, as future technology, to a market of electronic vehicles. To gain a â€Å"first in† advantage of this new market, the company takes in to full consideration the Cost Advantage and the Value Chain. As identified by Porter, on e of the 10 cost drivers related to the value chain activities is geographical location and timing of market entry. Furthermore, ‘Differentiation and the Value Chain’ analysis was taken into consideration; in other words, the ‘uniqueness’ to gain advantages. Again, Porter identified several drivers of uniqueness. The ones applicable here are (1) policies, (2) timing, (3) location, at a minimum. Developing a strategy to maintain sustainability, or as some novice management called it â€Å"maintain business viability† (Fromartz, S. (2009), is key to ensure long-term success. Better Place’s strategy is accruing a competitive advantage in removing a major barrier to the widespread adaption of electric cars by identifying favorable locations. Mini Case # 2 – Nike Nike had a unique challenge to overcome compliance over criticism of labor practices and capitalize on sustainability efforts. Identifying waste in product design and manufacturing enabled cost savings of $700 million a year. After careful analysis of technology and the value chain, Nike identified inbound and operations technology (The Value Chain, NetMBA. com). Technology was a key enabler to analyze and identify excess materials utilized in manufacturing. For example, it was found it took three shoes’ worth of material to produce just two. A complete Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) approach was adopted. BPR is the analysis and design of workflows and processes within an organization (wikipidia. com). Nike outsourced a value chain activity by hiring experts into the process, like Dow DuPont, and BASF. This enabled the company to evaluate and improve its supply system. The result speaks for itself, as identified above. One could suspect that by definition, an Enterprise Resource Planning Software was integrated or modified to identify the shortcomings in Nike’s supply chain (ERP Definition and Solution CIO. com). Mini Case # 3 – Rio Tinto In its quest for sustainability, Rio Tinto’s challenge was to obtain a â€Å"social license† to operate and nurture the local labor force needed by creating operations â€Å"respectful to the environment, respectful of our employees, that is seen to be sustainable,† said CEO Tom Albanese (Fromartz, S. 2009). Within technology and the value system, this called for an emphasis on media relations to disseminate information to the local community and its leaders. Solid communication practices, i. e. strategic communications, was of the utmost importance to gain the respect and acceptance of the population. Perhaps by obtaining the acceptance of the local population, Rio Tinto was able to mitigate any threats from new entrants into the market at the specific location as well; allowing control of one of the five forces that shape industry competition to remain in check. Finally, helping to form the International Council on Mining and Metals should have allowed them strategic power over existing competitors (another of the 5 forces). Mini Case # 4 – General Electric General Electric’s (GE) challenge was to create a new business in sustainability. GE saw profitable business opportunity in helping companies save energy. To mitigate the ‘Rivalry among Existing Competitors’, GE’s focused on bringing new capacity and was still able to produce pressure on prices; mitigating negative price competition. As Porter mentioned: â€Å"Rivalry is especially destructive to profitability if it gravitates solely to price because price competition transfers profits directly form an industry to its customers. (Porter, 2008) From an information technology standpoint, GE concentrated on effectively measuring the amount of energy savings its products can produce and utilized the data as a proof of concept to customers who were interested in obtaining likewise results. This energy savings called Ecoimagination sold solutions within GE and out of GE; resulting in the company’s saving of $100 million and cut of greenhouse-gas effect by 41%. As the proof of concept was accepted and implemented; GE was invested $4 billion and reaped sales of $17 billion in 2008 (Fromartz, S. (2009). Mini Case # 5 – Wal-Mart Creative new ways of supplying products to the customer has enabled Wal-Mart to ‘green the supply chain’, thereby boosting savings and increase profits to enable enduring sustainability. Wal-Mart identified its criteria down into the supply chain on a three stage path (Fromartz, S. (2009). It sourced information to more than 100,000 supplies about their energy and greenhouse-gas emissions. Then, measured their products throughout their life-cycle and finally made it transparent to the customer. It’s focus on a greener product reaped rewards in a more efficient production, less waste and lower emissions. This effort enabled cost-savings to such an extensive degree that Wal-Mart is able to pass on to the customer—enabling the superstore to maintain a competitive edge†¦a strategy for sustainability. Conclusions In conclusion, innovative approaches give companies an edge over competitive forces within the business value chain. Information technology is a key enabler to gather and disseminate information in a timely fashion; enabling key decision makers with crucial information. Therefore, one must realize technology changes constantly and keeping up with its change is continuous improvement process. References CIO. com. ERP (Enterprice Resource Planning) Definition and Solution. Retrieved on January 28, 2012 from http://www. cio. com/article/40323/ERP_ Definition_ and_Solutions Fromartz, S. (2009). The Mini-Cases: 5 Companies, 5 Strategies, 5 Transformations. MITSloan Management Review, Fall 2009, Volume 51, Number 1. NetMBA Business Knowledge Centers. The Value Chain. Retrieved January 28, 2012 from http://www. netmba. com/ strategy/value-chain/ Porter, M. (2008), The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Retrieved January 28, 2012 from http://hbr. Org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape- Strategy/ar/1 Wikipidia. com. Definition of Business Process Re-engineering (BPR). Retrieved January 28, 2012 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Business_process_ reengineering

theories of international trade

No: 1 BPO – BANE OR BOON ? Answers: 1. Which of the theories of international trade can help Indian services providers gain competitive edge over their competitors? 1. Suggested Theory to gain dynamism and competitiveness   in Operation A. Developing executive leadership at three levels †¢ top team, †¢ the personal development of individual executives as leaders and †¢ the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) B.Success Brand Development and Brand Strategy : An effective  brand strategy  will create a unique identity that will differentiate from the competition. That is why it's often deemed as the heart of a competitive strategy C. Strategies for Working : Work avoidance is one of the major paradoxes, Making a complete Plan to work, setting a quota for a week or month and making them to execute will increase the overall growth D.Achieve learning through knowledge management: Knowledge Management efforts typically focus on organizational  objectives  such as i mproved  performance,  competitive advantage,  innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration and  continuous improvement  of the  organization. Knowledge Management efforts overlap with  organizational learning, and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and a focus on encouraging the sharing of knowledge. E.Achieve supply chain excellence : â€Å" The basis of competition for winning companies in today’s economy is supply-chain superiority,† â€Å" These companies understand that value-chain performance translates to productivity and market-share leadership. They also understand that supply-chain leadership means more than just low costs and efficiency, it requires a superior ability to shape and respond to shifts in demand with innovative products and services. 2. Productivity for   Ã‚  INTERNATION   TRADE   Competitiveness:The rapid changes in the context of the process of economic reform, globalization and liberalization have created greater compulsions for India to be productive and competitive than ever before. With rapid advancement in technology as well as Management Theory and Practice, the concept & techniques of productivity have undergone a change over time, thereby creating a need for devising fresh approaches, coining new message and adopting a new idiom to spread the message to the stakeholders.There is an urgent need to redefine and re-structure the Productivity Movement in such a way that it becomes a self perpetuating process, more so, because the general environment earlier was not very congenial for the desired productivity growth as lots of non-productive barriers & protective walls surrounded our economic system for a very long time. All these protective walls have come crashing down and now competition is the name of the Game.Keeping in view the stage at which it stands on the road to economic progress, promotion of productivity, i ts awareness creation and benefitable implementation should be the corner stone of productivity movement. Productivity in its new manifestation, as a culture of accepting and bringing about continuous change through teamwork having continued focus on the customer-need is an inescapable imperative. These Concepts have come to acquire greater significance in the current context of changes economic environment. 3. BUILDING   Brand India's Need Perspectives   STRATEGY: Need to move up the value chain- better R&D †¢ Need to project greater ROI on investment – better profitability †¢ Need to remove revenue dependence on any single resource such as human capital †¢ Need to carve a niche – IPR and Licensing †¢ Need for technological prowess and market knowledge – focused domain expertise †¢ Need to brand products and services – better marketing Every organization has its own distinctive approach towards development. Connecting these i nitiatives, there should be a commitment to enlarge the scope of innovation and to create environment conducive to Productivity.Productivity may be the outcome of techno-managerial practices, but eventually is the result of a mindset. Basic to this approach is the conviction that there is no limit to improvement. Even the best can be improved. The crucial ingredient is the preparedness of the human mind to change. Therefore, workers, managers, policy makers and others should be ready to continuously and collectively work for productivity improvement, not only in every economic activity, but also in every human endeavor for the development of the society as well as the country.Needless to mention, as we graduate further into knowledge era, traditional methods and principles will become increasingly ineffective and we will have to innovatively augment productivity both at micro as well as macro level to realize a global competitive edge. 2. Pick up some Indian services providers. With the help of Michael Porter’s diamond, analyses their strengths and weaknesses as active players in BPO. The Diamond Model of Michael Porter for the competitive advantage of Nations offers a model that can help understand the comparative position of a nation in global competition.The model can also be used for major geographic regions. Traditional country advantages : Traditionally, economic theory mentions the following factors for comparative advantage for regions or countries: 1. Land 2. Location 3. Natural resources (minerals, energy) 4. Labor, and 5. Local population size. Because these 5 factors can hardly be influenced, this fits in a rather passive (inherited) view regarding national economic opportunity. Porter says that sustained industrial growth has hardly ever been built on above mentioned basic inherited factors.Abundance of such factors may actually undermine competitive advantage! He introduces a concept called â€Å"clusters† or groups of interconnecte d firms, suppliers, related industries, and institutions,that arise in certain locations. Porter Diamond Nations: According to Porter, as a rule competitive advantage of nations is the outcome of 4 interlinked advanced factors and activities in and between companies in these clusters. These can be influenced in a pro-active way by government.PORTER   Ã‚  argued   that   a   nation   can create new   advanced   factor endowments   such as   skilled   labor, a   strong technology   and  knowledge base, government   support, and culture. PORTER used   a   diamond   shaped   diagram   as a   basis   of   Ã‚  a   framework to illustrate   the   determinants   Ã‚  of   national   advantage. The   diamond represents   Ã‚  the   Ã‚  national playing   Ã‚  field   that   the countries   establish   for their  industries. The points of the diamond are described as follows FACTOR CONDITIONS: †¢ a country creates its own important factors such as skilled resources and technological base. these factors are upgraded / deployed over time to meet the demand. †¢ local disadvantges force innovations. new methods and hence comparative advantage. DEMAND CONDITIONS: †¢ a more demanding local market leads to national advantage. †¢ a strong trend setting local market helps local firms anticipate global trends. RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES: †¢ local competition creates innovations and cost effectiveness. †¢ this also puts pressure on local suppliers to lift their game. FIRM STRATEGY , STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY. local conditions affect firm strategy. †¢ local rivalry forces firm to move beyond basic advantages. THE DIAMOND AS A SYSTEM †¢ the effect of one point depends on the others. †¢ it is a self-reinforcing system. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THIS MODEL †¢ to encourage †¢ to stimulate †¢ to help to create †¢ growth in industries. †¢ In Terms and Conditions Let us take the organization â€Å"TCS†' 1. BPO/ KPO Business BPO is established and is on development stage. KPO is on Threshold of Growth The Passive Analysis of The Active/Proactive Analysis ofFACTOR CONDITIONS: †¢ TCS has created its own important factors such as skilled resources and technological base for expanding BPOs / KPOs †¢ TCS is upgrading / deploying resources over time to meet the demand. †¢ New innovations. New methods has given the local industry the comparative advantage. DEMAND CONDITIONS: †¢ a more demanding local/ global market has given ‘TCS' the international / national advantage. †¢ a strong trend setting local market has helped local firms anticipate global trends.RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES: †¢ local competition has created innovations and cost effectiveness for the TCS . †¢ this has also put the pressure on local suppliers to lift their game. FIRM STRATEGY , STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY: à ¢â‚¬ ¢ local conditions have affected TCS various strategy. †¢ local rivalry have forced TCS to move beyond basic advantages. THE ROLE OF THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT IN THIS MODEL: †¢ INDIAN GOVERNMENT is encouraging more TCS . †¢ INDIAN GOVERNMENT is stimulating with paperwork reforms. INDIAN GOVERNMENT is helping to create more skilled labors. †¢ INDIAN GOVERNMENT is providing infrastructures to attract more industries. 3. Compare this case with the case given at the beginning of this chapter. What similarities and dissimilarities do you notice? Your analysis should be based on the theories explained. †¢ If you’re not faster than your competitor, you’re in a tenuous position, and if you’re only half as fast, you’re terminal. †¢ The idea is to concentrate our strength against our competitor’s relative weakness. The opportunities and threats existing in any situation always exceed the resources needed to exploit the opportun ities or avoid the threats. Thus, strategy is essentially a problem of allocating resources. If strategy is to be successful, it must allocate superior resources against a decisive opportunity. †¢ It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change. †¢ Organizations pursue strategies that will disrupt the normal course of industry events and forge new industry

Chiquita Company

Chiquita Company Introduction The case of Chiquita Brands International illustrates the ethical violations that can be committed by companies operating in developing countries. In many instances, these organizations do not follow any norms of the corporate social responsibility. Nevertheless, the failure to comply with these principles can significantly tarnish the reputation of these businesses.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Chiquita Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it can eventually lead to considerable financial losses. One should keep in mind that the senior managers of this corporation have long tried to conceal some of the unethical practices adopted by this enterprise. Nevertheless, there have been several scandals that attracted public attention to this firm. For instance, one should consider such issues as dangerous environmental practices and even cooperation with military groups such as the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. In turn, this paper is aimed at examining the violation of workers’ rights. In particular, much attention should be paid to the harsh working conditions in the plantations run by Chiquita Brands International. Apart from that, it is important to discuss the strategies that were supposed to prevent employees from unionizing. One should explore the main factors that contributed to this problem. Moreover, it is necessary to explain how the management can address these challenges. This task is necessary for ensuring the sustainability of modern businesses that can represent various industries. The root causes of the problems It is important to remember that in many cases, companies like Chiquita Brands International operate in the countries in which there is no rule of law. Admittedly, local governments can adopt various legislative acts that should ensure the proper work of businesses. For instance, one can refer to the laws that guarantee the ri ghts of workers. However, such rules are not always enforced. Moreover, foreign companies can easily bribe local officials (Emett, 2014). In turn, these officials disregarded the lack of safety practices that had to be adopted in the ships owned by Chiquita Brands International (Emett, 2014). Furthermore, journalists believe that the managers of this company tried to prevent workers from unionizing in a forcible way (Schotter Teagarden, 2015). In particular, this corporation relied on the right-wing militia that intimidated those employees who supported the work of trade unions (Emett, 2014). Additionally, in many cases, employees were exposed to dangerous chemicals that could have long-term effects on their health (Esty, 2009, p. 185). Overall, workers employed by this corporation did not receive any protection.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Very often, th ey were left to their own devices (Emett, 2014). So, the management assumed that the company would not have to face any consequences. However, this assumption was completely flawed.  Moreover, the countries in which these businesses operate are affected by various military conflicts such as civil wars. To a large degree, this argument is relevant to Colombia that was affected by internal military conflicts and drugs. In turn, the managers of this company had to give money to such an organization as the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. To a large degree, this money was supposed to buy protection (Tricker, 2014, p. 375). It was later revealed that this group was involved in drug trafficking and kidnapping (Tricker, 2014, p. 375). Furthermore, Colombia was severely affected by unemployment, and people were looking for any jobs that could help them sustain themselves. Thus, the bargaining power of employees was not very strong. So, this situation can be partly explained by the legal and economic environment of many developing countries such as Colombia struggling with many internal problems. Nevertheless, more attention should be paid to the absence of ethical safeguards that can prevent business administrators from adopting unscrupulous practices. In particular, the senior managers of this organization believed that they would never be held accountable for such actions. Moreover, they did not attach much importance to such values as integrity and workers’ rights to dignity, decent wages, and safe labor. They did not focus on the needs of these employees because they were not protected by American laws. Furthermore, the managers could be driven by the desire to maximize the revenues of this corporation. Some of them could stick at nothing to achieve this objective. These issues should be identified because they are useful for explaining the underlying causes of such behavior. Very often, the ethical standards adopted by international companies are determined by the policies of local officials. Sometimes, they do not want to enforce the existing laws. In turn, the permissiveness of such governments is the main thing that attracts international companies from various advanced countries in which legislative norms are enforced more efficiently.  Admittedly, one can argue that Chiquita Brands International complied with the standards set by the government of Colombia. Moreover, the representatives of this corporation stated that other American firms had adopted the same practices (Kline, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Chiquita Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is not a sufficient excuse for violating the ethical norms. Apart from that, the senior executives of this company wanted to show that it acted as a responsible corporate citizen. Nevertheless, their policies did not live up to their rhetoric (Schotter Teagarden, 2015). It is one of the main details that should be taken into consideration. Additionally, the company incurred considerable losses. For instance, this company had to pay the fine that equaled $ 25 million (Schotter Teagarden, 2015). One should also keep in mind that the stocks of this corporation declined dramatically when the information about its practices was made public. In part, this outcome can be explained by the fact that many buyers can evaluate businesses in terms of their environmental practices and labor relations. Furthermore, some of them do not want to buy the products of companies violating the rights of workers in developing countries. As a rule, these buyers are more educated, and they are not very price-sensitive. It is one of the main trends that should not be overlooked by senior executives. They should not suppose that the absence of legal safeguards enables various malpractices that are not admissible in any advanced country. Such attitudes can have disastrous effect s on the work of businesses, at least in the long term. Preventive and corrective measures The senior executives of this company can use several strategies that can be helpful for addressing such problems. At first, they should consider preventive practices. In particular, one should mention the adoption of the ethical code that should be followed in every case, regardless of the legal environment in which a company operates. The provisions of this code should cover such aspects as HR practices adopted by the organization. For instance, there should be requirements for working conditions, minimal wages, and safety policies. Additionally, these provisions should explicitly prohibit any attempts to bribe local officials. Apart from that, senior managers should enforce the norms of this code. In some cases, this objective can be achieved by penalizing those business administrators who try to act in an unethical way. This argument can be relevant to those managers who disregard safety s tandards. Some of them hope that in this way, they can minimize operational costs.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sometimes, these managers can be dismissed. It is one of the policies that should be used by the senior executives of this corporation.  Nevertheless, more attention should be paid to the educational activities that can be useful for preventing possible dangers. For instance, every business administrator should be informed about the consequences of non-compliance with the ethical standards. At first, they need to keep in mind that such practices can profoundly influence the attitudes of many customers who are now more informed about the unethical practices of corporations. As a result, they may be unwilling to buy the products offered by the company. So, the profitability of the organization will be reduced. It is one of the dangers that should be avoided. The key issue is that the attempts to reduce operational costs at the expense of workers can undermine the performance of a company.  One should also consider the role of leaders who can play several roles. In particular, they can openly object to unscrupulous practices that can impact clients or employees (Maxwell, 2002). In many cases, these individuals should express opinions that can contradict the views held by the majority. For instance, these people can state that some cost-cutting initiatives are not permissible from an ethical perspective. Moreover, in some cases, they have to act like whistle-blowers who raise people’s awareness about unscrupulous business models. These professionals will ensure that the company is not involved in any corporate scandals. Admittedly, their actions can cause the discontent of those business administrators who are mostly concerned with the need to maximize revenues. However, their ethical responsibility is vital to the sustainability of firms working in developing countries.  Furthermore, one should mention certain corrective measures. In particular, the company should hire those workers who could be dismissed only because they disagreed with the policies of the company such as the blatant disregard of safety rules. Apart from that, business administrators should ensure that the health and lives of workers are not exposed to any threats while working on the plantations owned by Chiquita Brands International. Admittedly, this policy can lead to greater operational expenses. However, one should remember the cost of non-compliance can be much higher. To a large degree, Chiquita Brands International has already incurred considerable losses due to its unscrupulous practices. So, the management of this corporation should reject the unethical policies that were adopted previously. It is one of the details that should be taken into account. Discussion The analysis of this case can be of great use to many business administrators, especially if they work at the international level. They should remember that integrity and ethics are the essential prerequisites for the success of the organizations. Indeed, corporate social responsibility does n ot immediately contribute to the financial performance of businesses. It is not directly associated with the increased profitability of enterprises. Nevertheless, these principles are necessary for avoiding potential losses. Moreover, they are essential for attracting customers who focus on the ethical practices of businesses. They do not look only at the prices of products or their quality. This change can be partly explained by the fact that the development of the Internet has made information more accessible. So, buyers can learn more about the practices of businesses and unethical decisions that could be taken by the management. Conclusion The example of Chiquita Brands International suggests that international companies should single out the core ethical principles that should be followed in every case. They should not believe that the absence of proper legislation or poor functioning of the state enables businesses to neglect the rights of workers. Apart from that, one should not suppose that the public will never learn about the cooperation with corrupt policy-makers. In the long term, such policies can adversely impact the profitability of these businesses. In turn, one can also say that the adoption of higher ethical standards has several benefits. At first, this strategy can reduce the risk of fines that can be eventually imposed by the state. Furthermore, this approach is vital for securing the trust of customers. Finally, one should consider the inherent value of such policies. They can demonstrate that the actions of a person can live up to the rhetoric of senior executives. Chiquita Brands International can become more resilient to possible risks if it meets higher standards of the corporate social responsibility. So, the executives of this organization should change their attitudes towards the role of ethics that should not be regarded as a burden. More likely, it is a guide for reducing various risks. Reference List Emett, A. (2014). Blood and Bananas: Chiquita’s Deadly History of Drugs,  Corruption, and Cover-ups. Web. Esty, D. (2009). Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy  to Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Kline, H. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Colombia. New York, NY: Scarecrow Press. Maxwell, J. (2002). Leadership 101: What Every Leader Needs to Know. New York,  NY: Thomas Nelson Inc. Schotter, A., Teagarden, M. (2015). Blood Bananas: Chiquita in Colombia. Boston,  MA: Harvard Business Review. Tricker, B. (2014). Business Ethics: A Stakeholder, Governance and Risk Approach.  New York, NY: Routledge.

Bessie Coleman, African American Woman Pilot

Bessie Coleman, African American Woman Pilot Bessie Coleman, a stunt pilot, was a pioneer in aviation. She was the first African American woman with a pilots license, the first African American woman to fly a plane, and the first American with an international pilots license.   She lived from  January 26, 1892 (some sources give 1893)  to April 30, 1926 Early Life Bessie Coleman was born in Atlanta, Texas, in 1892, tenth of thirteen children. The family soon moved to a farm near Dallas. The family worked the land as sharecroppers, and Bessie Coleman worked in the cotton fields. Her father, George Coleman, moved to Indian Territory, Oklahoma, in 1901, where he had rights, based on having three Indian grandparents. His African American wife, Susan, with five of their children still at home, refused to go with him. She supported the children by picking cotton and taking in laundry and ironing. Susan, Bessie Colemans mother, encouraged her daughters education, though she was herself illiterate, and though Bessie had to miss school often to help in the cotton fields or to watch her younger siblings. After Bessie graduated from eighth grade with high marks, she was able to pay, with her own savings and some from her mother, for a semesters tuition at an industrial college in Oklahoma, Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University. When she dropped out of school after a semester, she returned home, working as a laundress. In 1915 or 1916 she moved to Chicago to stay with her two brothers who had already moved there. She went to beauty school, and became a manicurist, where she met many of the black elite of Chicago. Learning to Fly Bessie Coleman had read about the new field of aviation, and her interest was heightened when her brothers regaled her with tales of French women flying planes in World War I. She tried to enroll in aviation school, but was turned down. It was the same story with other schools where she applied. One of her contacts through her job as a manicurist was Robert S. Abbott, publisher of the Chicago Defender. He encouraged her to go to France to study flying there. She got a new position managing a chili restaurant to save money while studying French at the Berlitz school. She followed Abbotts advice, and, with funds from several sponsors including Abbott, left for France in 1920. In France, Bessie Coleman was accepted in a flying school, and received her pilots license- the first African American woman to do so. After two more months of study with a French pilot, she returned to New York in September, 1921. There, she was celebrated in the black press and was ignored by the mainstream press. Wanting to make her living as a pilot, Bessie Coleman returned to Europe for advanced training in acrobatic flying- stunt flying. She found that training in France, in the Netherlands, and in Germany. She returned to the United States in 1922. Bessie Coleman, Barnstorming Pilot That Labor Day weekend, Bessie Coleman flew in an air show on Long Island in New York, with Abbott and the Chicago Defender as sponsors. The event was held in honor of black veterans of World War I. She was billed as the worlds greatest woman flyer. Weeks later, she flew in a second show, this one in Chicago, where crowds lauded her stunt flying. From there she became a popular pilot at air shows around the United States. She announced her intent to start a flying school for African Americans, and began recruiting students for that future venture. She started a beauty shop in Florida to help raise funds. She also regularly lectured at schools and churches. Bessie Coleman landed a movie role in a film called Shadow and Sunshine, thinking it would help her promote her career.   She walked away when she realized that the depiction of her as a black woman would be as a stereotypical Uncle Tom. Those of her backers who were in the entertainment industry in turn walked away from supporting her career. In 1923, Bessie Coleman bought her own plane, a World War I surplus Army training plane. She crashed in the plane days later, on February 4, when the plane nose-dived. After a long recuperation from broken bones, and a longer struggle to find new backers, she finally was able to get some new bookings for her stunt flying. On Juneteenth (June 19) in 1924 , she flew in a Texas air show. She bought another plane- this one also an older model, a Curtiss JN-4, one that was low-priced enough that she could afford it. May Day in Jacksonville In April, 1926, Bessie Coleman was in Jacksonville, Florida, to prepare for a May Day Celebration sponsored by the local Negro Welfare League. On April 30, she and her mechanic went for a test flight, with the mechanic piloting the plane and Bessie in the other seat, with her seat belt unbuckled so that she could lean out and get a better view of the ground as she planned the next days stunts. A loose wrench got wedged in the open gear box, and the controls jammed. Bessie Coleman was thrown from the plane at 1,000 feet, and she died in the fall to the ground. The mechanic could not regain control, and the plane crashed and burned, killing the mechanic. After a well-attended memorial service in Jacksonville on May 2, Bessie Coleman was buried in Chicago. Another memorial service there drew crowds as well. Every April 30, African American aviators- men and women- fly in formation over Lincoln Cemetery in southwest Chicago (Blue Island) and drop flowers on Bessie Colemans grave. Legacy of Bessie Coleman Black flyers founded the Bessie Coleman Aero Clubs, right after her death. the Bessie Aviators organization was founded by black women pilots in 1975, open to women pilots of all races. In 1990, Chicago renamed a road near OHare International Airport for Bessie Coleman. That same year, Lambert - St. Louis International Airport unveiled a mural honoring Black Americans in Flight, including Bessie Coleman. In 1995, the U.S. Postal Service honored Bessie Coleman with a commemorative stamp. In October, 2002, Bessie Coleman was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in New York. Also known as:  Queen Bess, Brave Bessie Background, Family: Mother: Susan Coleman, sharecropper, cotton picker and laundressFather: George Coleman, sharecropperSiblings: thirteen total; nine survived Education: Langston Industrial College, Oklahoma - one semester, 1910Ecole dAviation des Freres, France, 1920-22Beauty school in ChicagoBerlitz school, Chicago, French language, 1920

Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz - Essay Example For the third quarter the company posted net profit of â‚ ¬7.146 billion which is three times higher than the profit figure in the same quarter of the last year. The astounding company results are attributed to its investment in new products, manufacturing operations in the emerging markets like China. The company plans to invest heavily in developing markets simultaneously consolidating its position in developed regions such as Europe and Americas. (IHS global 2011) The following table represents year wise consolidated income statement of the company. Figures in Millions of Euros Items Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Total Revenues 108,897.0 113,808.0 105,187.0 126,875.0 Cost of Goods Sold 83,593.0 87,862.0 81,899.0 94,050.0 Gross Profit 16,399.0 16,250.0 12,733.0 20,742.0 Operating Expenses, Total 10,142.0 11,431.0 12,648.0 13,868.0 Operating Income 6,257.0 4,819.0 85.0 6,874.0 Net Interest Expense 413.0 344.0 -781.0 -626.0 EBT, Excluding Unusual Items 7,665. 0 6,688.0 863.0 7,956.0 Income Tax Expense 2,421.0 1,920.0 349.0 1,767.0 Net Income 4,120.0 4,753.0 960.0 6,835.0 Source: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=VOW:GR Balance Sheet of Volkswagen Figures in Millions of Euros Assets Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Total Cash And Short Term Investments 15,638.0 11,394.0 21,890.0 22,794.0 Total Receivables 8,902.0 11,372.0 10,871.0 12,811.0 Total Current Assets 68,516.0 76,163.0 77,776.0 85,936.0 Plant And Equipment 25,689.0 30,030.0 31,745.0 34,550.0 Total Assets 145,357.0 167,919.0 177,178.0 199,393.0 Figures in Millions of Euros Liabilities Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Accounts Payable 8,202.0 9,085.0 9,734.0 11,628.0 Other Current Liabilities, Total 14,620.0 15,330.0 14,911.0 17,043.0 Total Current Liabilities 56,068.0 64,802.0 69,534.0 76,899.0 Long-Term Debt 3,645.0 2,240.0 9,272.0 8,989.0 Pension & Other Post-Retirement Benefits 12,481.0 12,82 9.0 13,793.0 15,265.0 Deferred Tax Liability Non-Current 2,637.0 3,654.0 2,224.0 1,669.0 Other Non-Current Liabilities 12,775.0 15,863.0 17,061.0 19,522.0 Total Liabilities 113,419.0 130,531.0 139,748.0 150,681.0 Total Common Equity 31,875.0 35,011.0 35,281.0 45,978.0 Total Liabilities & Equity 145,357.0 167,919.0 177,178.0 199,393.0 Source: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=VOW:GR&dataset=balanceSheet&period=A¤cy=native Cash Flow Statement (Figures in Millions of Euros) Details Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Net Income 4,120.0 4,753.0 960.0 6,835.0 Depreciation & Amortization, Total 6,427.0 6,738.0 4,900.0 5,058.0 Cash From Operations 15,662.0 2,702.0 12,741.0 11,455.0 Cash From Investing -15,812.0 -11,183.0 -9,675.0 -11,048.0 Total Debt Issued 9,609.0 17,477.0 16,998.0 7,910.0 Total Debt Repaid -8,524.0 -8,485.0 -10,225.0 -12,069.0 Total Dividend Paid -497.0 -720.0 -779.0 -755.0 Cash From Financing 787.0 8 ,123.0 5,536.0 -852.0 Net Change in Cash 547.0 -471.0 8,792.0 -8.0 Source: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=VOW:GR&dataset=cashFlow&period=A¤cy=native Financial Analysis It will be interesting to analyze the company’s financials from stakeholder’s point of view as the company’s progress in last few years has been exemplary and how the stakeholders can see the Key

Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia - Essay Example failure of the heart to effectively contract during systole. Out-of -hospital cardiac arrest is a leading cause of unexpected death in the developed world, occurring in about 1 in 1,500 adult each year (Bernard, 2004). Prognosis after cardiac arrest with an overall survival rate of less than 6%, is unfavorable. Cardiac arrest outcomes depend on the rhythym: 33% of patients with ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia survive, comparing with less than 2% of patients with asystolic or pulseless electrical activity. Other rhythyms and cardiac arrest complications/conditions which comprise less than 2% include subarachnoid hemorrhage or trauma, pregnant women, pediatrics, coma after near-drowning, hanging and other causes of asphyxia. About 60% of cardiac arrest survivors regain consciousness; of these, one-third experience irreversible cognitive disabilities. Emergency life support focus on early aggressive resuscitation; but unluckily, most patients who survive do sustain anoxic brain injury (Green, 2007). Anoxic brain injury is that condition wherein the brain is severely deprived of oxygen. The blood is unable to flow to the brain due to bleeding or injury. After cardiac arrest, chemical cascades resulting in brain injury are created by the free radicals and other mediators in the brain. Three phases of brain injury after hypoxic insult are identified: early, intermediate and late (Howes, 2005). The early stage is described as the utilization of glucose, oxygen and energy due to the directThe Use 4 cessation of blood flow in the brain. The intermediate...Emergency life support focus on early aggressive resuscitation; but unluckily, most patients who survive do sustain anoxic brain injury (Green, 2007). Anoxic brain injury is that condition wherein the brain is severely deprived of oxygen. The blood is unable to flow to the brain due to bleeding or injury. After cardiac arrest, chemical cascades resulting in brain injury are created by the free radicals and other mediators in the brain. Three phases of brain injury after hypoxic insult are identified: early, intermediate and late (Howes, 2005). The early stage is described as the utilization of glucose, oxygen and energy due to the direct cessation of blood flow in the brain. The intermediate phase is described as the release of neurotoxic mediators and excitatory amino acids in the brain, occurring hours post arrest. The late phase occurs when cerebral edema and blood-drain barrier are increased. Seizures and Sample.